Sources Speak

1. Developing countries that produce lower cost generics and attempt to bring down the price of medicines feel that they are under pressure from industrialized countries and the multinational pharmaceutical industry and tend to be reluctant to make the most of these provisions: “Following the Doha Declaration countries can legally set patents aside, but countries are hesitant to do so because they are afraid of provoking the anger of the United States. The political pressure is enormous,” says’ Hoen: “I am worried that things will have to get a lot worse before countries make a move to ensure production through compulsory licenses.”

2. The Maputo factory experience also suggests that local factories may be able to produce at competitive prices with the help of government and international cooperation subsidies. It also appears to show that a publicly owned pharmaceutical factory in LMIC would be able to generate information-related public benefits that are often ignored by the traditional arguments around local production of medicines; a public factory may enable government to regulate by participating in the pharmaceutical market, feeding back vital information on drug efficacy, costs and players conduct.

1. There is an ability for countries to produce low cost generics; publicly owned pharmaceutical companies allow for the government to come in and become more involved. The government becoming involved leads to advances being made with the generics.

2. The Doha Declaration gives countries the ability to set patents aside, but many countries are hesitant to make their own generics. Some countries are politically pressured to not make these generics, because it would drive the costs down the overall revenue of multinational pharmaceutical companies.

3. The government involved with a public factory can help to provide information and feedback to the public factory. There is significant political pressure on these governments to not become involved in the public factories.

The Doha Declaration gives countries the ability to set patents aside, but many countries are hesitant to make their own generics. Some countries are politically pressured to not make these generics, because it would drive the costs down the overall revenue of multinational pharmaceutical companies. The generics are being created to bring affordable, lifesaving drugs to people.  Countries who do make the generic medications, are not breaking any laws and they are saving lives.

Annotated Bibliography

Amusan, Lere. "Imposed Socially Responsible PRICING on HIV/AIDS Drugs in Developing Areas." SAGE Journals. India Quarterly, Mar. 2015. Web. 27 Mar. 2015. <http%3A%2F%2Fiqq.sagepub.com.ezproxy.lewisu.edu%2Fcontent%2F71%2F1%2F67>.

There are four ways to best describe what multinational corporations due to help or alter the effects of HIV and AIDS treatment in South Africa. Donations of life saving drums are given to countries who are considered to be underdeveloped. Prices for the medications also make an impact, some companies drop the prices of these drugs to prices that are affordable for the person seeking treatment. Licensing also plays a key role, companies are able to put out a generic version of their medications to make it more affordable. Research is also a factor in the use of these medications, some companies do try to figure out what works best to prolong a persons’ life through some human trial and error.

Amusan uses many credible and different sources to support his article. The article does have the overall tone that there are many problems with the pharmaceutical companies’ practices in their aid to Africa. While that is the tone, it does not draw away from important and factual information located in the article.

As stated above, there are many points that can be used to validate the topic of my research paper. I plan to use this article to give background information, examples of worldwide influences, and to show how many people are inflicted with HIV and AIDS.

Fourie, Pieter. "Turning Dread into Capital: South Africa’s AIDS Diplomacy." Globalization and Health. N.p., 5 Mar. 2013. Web. 27 Mar. 2015. <http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/9/1/8#sec2>.

       South Africa has the ability to forge new ground in their foreign policy. Much of the credibility that South Africa had was lost due to Mbeki administration. After that time, it left South Africa fractured and in need of aid. Many countries have stepped in to provide aid and to help better South Africa.

       Fourie gives the reader a sense of hope by the time they are finished reading the article. South Africa did have a downturn, but there is now a bright future available. Fixing and working on relationships with other foreign countries can help to build up and repair their own foreign policy. 

       This article provides a lot of information regarding South Africa’s foreign policy; in using that information it becomes possible to paint a better picture on why countries are trying to help South Africa. It also gives multiple examples of different countries aids and involvement with the government and pharmaceutical companies. 

Frisone, Chiara. "In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Helping Reach Zero New HIV Infections by Reaching HIV-positive Expectant Mothers."UNICEF. N.p., 6 Dec. 2013. Web. 27 Mar. 2015.

       This article discusses the effects of medications to help prevent mothers who are HIV positive from spreading HIV to their child. The medication is called Option B+ significantly lowers the mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Through informative classes for pregnant mothers, there is a new outlook occurring on HIV. It was previously believed that HIV as a death sentence, now it is seen as something that can be treated and that it is possible to live a long life with it.

       UNICEF is a highly regarded organization that is known for helping the poor and impoverished worldwide. Gathering information from many sources and using their own sources, UNICEF provides credible and reliable information. UNICEF provides information regarding pharmaceutical companies aid in The Republic of Congo, it also goes further in describing the emotional support that can be found for women who are suffering from HIV.

In my paper, I plan to use this information to show that HIV impacts more than just the adult population. It helps to connect the ideas in my paper, also that HIV can impact newborns. The article shows that HIV is more than just physical, it is also emotional. 

Russo, Giuliano, Licia De Oliveira, Alex Shankland, and Tânia Sitoe. "On the Margins of Aid Orthodoxy: The Brazil-Mozambique Collaboration to Produce Essential Medicines in Africa." Globalization and Health. Globalization and HEALTH, 25 Sept. 2014. Web. 27 Mar. 2015. <http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/10/1/70>.

The South-South cooperation for Brazil-Mozambique is the primary focus. Brazil’s pharmaceutical companies set up a factory to help produce medications in Mozambique. While this was viewed as something positive, it has had its own amount of challenges. Brazil itself was able to change their own pharmaceutical practices, in doing so, they now have the ability to implement that elsewhere. In Mozambique, they realized that there was a different set-up regarding how the country was ran. Brazil wanted the government to be in direct control of the factory, but in Mozambique the fact that the factory is a private company already hinders it.

There is an emphasis put on understanding the critical situation going on in Mozambique, it is more than just political. The factory is being hindered by financial and technical issues as well. This article stresses how governments vary in the world and how there is not one universal way to have a factory run smoothly. This fact is being supported throughout and there are solutions given to try and fix this problem.

I plan to use this article to show that foreign aid is not as simple a solution as many believe it to be. There are many factors that can influence the outcome of a perceived good intention. This article also gives a lot of insight into how the government is operated in Mozambique; this can help my audience to understand why all of the aid being given to them is important, but also why it is not a simple task.

Wise, Jacqui. "Access to AIDS Medicines Stumbles on Trade Rules." WHO. World HEALTH Organization, 5 May 2006. Web. 27 Mar. 2015. <http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/84/5/news10506/en/>.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is trying to inform countries of the ability to get HIV/AIDS medications. There are some challenges standing in the way of companies being able to get these medications or for the countries to produce their own generics. Generics offer affordable options for developing countries, it also allows for the government to start standing o its own (not rely on other countries aid). There lies an issue with generic production in some countries, when that arises, the countries seek help from other countries to make an agreement for some generics.

This article was written for WHO, describing WHO. There may be some biased as to how is portrayed, but the information presented provides understanding and insight on how patents work. Along with patents, it is also discussed on countries interact with each other to create a better living situation.

In using this article, I hope to connect many of the ideas that I have from the other sources that I gathered. WHO plays a very large role in the foreign policy for HIV/AIDS; having information from them can put into a better perspective of what organizations, in particular, are doing to help

Research Paper Topic Change

Changing my research topic from nursing in hospitals to pharmaceutical companies aid in foreign countries. I plan to have up three sources and the analysis of one source tonight.

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Emails

Dear Dr. Walts,
       I hope you are doing well today, unfortunately I will not be able to attend class today due to illness. I will speak to a classmate about the material I missed. Thank you.
Sincerely Yours,
       Emily Mayer (10am)

Waltsie,
Cant make it 2day. Ill hitchu up in class 4 wht i missed.

Visualizing the Pain

            Sitting in Birmingham City Jail, Martin Luther King, Jr. decided to take pen to paper. Martin Luther King was the president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. When he was called upon to engage in a “nonviolent direct action program,” he agreed. A direct action plan has four steps that can be summed up in the following: determine whether any injustices are occurring, negotiate, self-purification, and direct action. It was deemed that Birmingham, in fact, was one of the most segregated cities in the United States. Cases of police brutality, home and church bombings, and unjust courts; they ran rampant throughout the city. There was an opportunity for Martin to meet with leaders of the economic community in Birmingham. Finally, a chance to negotiate. Talks occurred, promises were made, and lies were told. These negotiations had failed. Self-purification was the next step, “How can one get their point across without violence?” Step four, direct action-a nonviolent direct action. Sit-ins, marches, peaceful protests lead to negotiations having to take place. In Martin’s case, he was jailed for this.

            Throughout the letter Martin goes through a progression with his emotions and writing style. He starts of addressing his audience as understanding people, people of “good will.” He addresses his reasoning for being there and goes through why this letter needs to be written. It needs to be written so that hopefully others can realize the situation and work towards improving it. His letter then makes a shift towards anger, anger that some only pay attention to problems when the problem becomes violent. This violence defeats what Martin Luther is trying to achieve. He points out that “individuals” may give up their wrong doings and proceed to do what is morally right. On the other hand, groups are “more immoral” than the individual. His anger towards the situation leads into more of a dark undertone, he wants the reader to experience this pain and to have empathy toward it. He goes on to explain that he was always told to wait for a better time to ensue action. An interesting visualization he gives is, “[…] only to give birth to an ill-formed infant of frustration.” This helps the reader to visualize anger, but also to perceive time. He then goes on to use the word “little” on multiple occasions. This term is used to describe his daughter, but also to explain all the hardships she is now dealing with, due to segregation. Again, his letter shifts but this time it is towards human behavior. He begins to dislike parts of it, not hate it, but he sees what is truly flawed within some. He tries to have the reader understand that anger needs to be released and that having “sit-ins and freedom rides” helps to release that anger in a nonviolent way. The last time his letter shifts, it shifts to a tone of hope. That in spite of all that has happened and is going on, that there are good people. Not just good people, but a brotherhood of love and understanding.